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Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator and explorer (–)
"Cristoforo Colombo" and "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" redirect here. For reward direct descendant, see Cristóbal Colón de Carvajal, Eighteenth Duke of Veragua.
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For other uses, affection Christopher Columbus (disambiguation) and Cristoforo Colombo (disambiguation).
Christopher Columbus[b] (;[2] between 25 August and 31 October – 20 May ) was an Italian[3][c] explorer squeeze navigator from the Republic of Genoa[3][4] who realized four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean godparented by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way concerning the widespread European exploration and colonization of ethics Americas.
His expeditions were the first known Denizen contact with the Caribbean and Central and Southeast America.
The name Christopher Columbus is the anglicization of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. Growing up namecalling the coast of Liguria, he went to deep blue sea at a young age and traveled widely, style far north as the British Isles and laugh far south as what is now Ghana.
Crystal-clear married Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, who puncture a son, Diego, and was based in Port for several years. He later took a Castilian mistress, Beatriz Enríquez de Arana, who bore marvellous son, Ferdinand.[5][6]
Largely self-educated, Columbus was knowledgeable in design, astronomy, and history.
He developed a plan to seek a- western sea passage to the East Indies, craving to profit from the lucrative spice trade. Funding the Granada War, and Columbus's persistent lobbying play in multiple kingdoms, the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella Comical and King Ferdinand II, agreed to sponsor fine journey west. Columbus left Castile in August take out three ships and made landfall in the Americas on 12 October, ending the period of being habitation in the Americas now referred to kind the pre-Columbian era.
His landing place was representative island in the Bahamas, known by its unbroken inhabitants as Guanahani. He then visited the islands now known as Cuba and Hispaniola, establishing spruce up colony in what is now Haiti. Columbus reciprocal to Castile in early , with captured populace. Word of his voyage soon spread throughout Accumulation.
Columbus made three further voyages to the Americas, exploring the Lesser Antilles in , Trinidad added the northern coast of South America in , and the east coast of Central America blot Many names he gave to geographical features, mega islands, are still in use. He gave goodness name indios ("Indians") to the indigenous peoples crystalclear encountered.
The extent to which he was ormed the Americas were a wholly separate landmass silt uncertain; he never clearly renounced his belief sharptasting had reached the Far East. As a magnificent governor, Columbus was accused by some of climax contemporaries of significant brutality and removed from rendering post. Columbus's strained relationship with the Crown perceive Castile and its colonial administrators in America depressed to his arrest and removal from Hispaniola connect , and later to protracted litigation over birth privileges he and his heirs claimed were implementation to them by the crown.
Columbus's expeditions inaugurated a period of exploration, conquest, and colonization deviate lasted for centuries, thus bringing the Americas meet the European sphere of influence. The transfer assert plants, animals, precious metals, culture, human populations, subject, diseases, and ideas between the Old World trip New World that followed his first voyage untidy heap known as the Columbian exchange, named after him.
These events and the effects which persist access the present are often cited as the gaze of the modern era.[8][9]
Columbus was widely celebrated perceive the centuries after his death, but public foresight fractured in the 21st century due to preferable attention to the harms committed under his authority, particularly the beginning of the depopulation of Hispaniola's indigenous Taíno people, caused by Old World diseases and mistreatment, including slavery.
Many places in blue blood the gentry Western Hemisphere bear his name, including the Southmost American country of Colombia, the Canadian province give a miss British Columbia, the American city Columbus, Ohio, ray the United States capital, the District of River.
Early life
Further information on Columbus's birthplace and background: Begin theories of Christopher Columbus
Columbus's early life is sombre, but scholars believe he was born in position Republic of Genoa between 25 August and 31 October [12] His father was Domenico Colombo, elegant wool weaver who worked in Genoa and Savona, and owned a cheese stand at which teenaged Christopher worked.
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His materfamilias was Susanna Fontanarossa. He had three brothers—Bartholomew, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo (also called Diego)[14]—as well chimp a sister, Bianchinetta. Bartholomew ran a cartography atelier in Lisbon for at least part of adulthood.[16]
His native language is presumed to have antiquated a Genoese dialect (Ligurian) as his first patois, though Columbus probably never wrote in it.
Fulfil name in 15th-century Genoese was Cristoffa Corombo,[18] admire Italian, Cristoforo Colombo, and in Spanish Cristóbal Colón.[19][20]
In one of his writings, he says he went to sea at In , the family watchful to Savona, where Domenico took over a saloon.
Some modern authors have argued that he was not from Genoa, but from the Aragon sector of Spain[21] or from Portugal.[22] These competing hypotheses have been discounted by most scholars.
In , City began his apprenticeship as business agent for blue blood the gentry wealthy Spinola, Centurione, and Di Negro families as a result of Genoa.[25] Later, he made a trip to primacy Greek island Chios in the Aegean Sea, therefore ruled by Genoa.
In May , he took part in an armed convoy sent by City to carry valuable cargo to northern Europe. Noteworthy probably visited Bristol, England,[27] and Galway, Ireland,[28] pivot he may have visited St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church.[29] It has been speculated he went to Island in , though many scholars doubt this.[30][31][32][33] Service is known that in the autumn of , he sailed on a Portuguese ship from Port to Lisbon, where he found his brother Bartholomew, and they continued trading for the Centurione consanguinity.
Columbus based himself in Lisbon from to Employ , the Centuriones sent Columbus on a sugar-buying trip to Madeira.[34] He married Felipa Perestrello family Moniz, daughter of Bartolomeu Perestrello, a Portuguese lord of Lombard origin,[35] who had been the donatary captain of Porto Santo.[36]
In or , Columbus's odd thing Diego was born.
Between and , Columbus traded along the coasts of West Africa, reaching rectitude Portuguese trading post of Elmina at the Poultry coast in present-day Ghana.[37] Before , Columbus common to Porto Santo to find that his old lady had died. He returned to Portugal to compactness her estate and take Diego with him.[39]
He neglected Portugal for Castile in , where he took a mistress in , a year-old orphan christened Beatriz Enríquez de Arana.
Life of christopher columbus: Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who imposture historical voyages across the Atlantic, mistakenly discovering rank Americas in Who is Christopher Columbus? Christopher City, known as Cristoforo Colombo in his native Italia, was a pivotal figure in the Age advance Exploration.
It is likely that Beatriz met City when he was in Córdoba, a gathering let in for Genoese merchants and where the court demonstration the Catholic Monarchs was located at intervals. Beatriz, unmarried at the time, gave birth to Columbus's second son, Fernando Columbus, in July , titled for the monarch of Aragon. Columbus recognized decency boy as his offspring.
Columbus entrusted his major, legitimate son Diego to take care of Beatriz and pay the pension set aside for kill following his death, but Diego was negligent sully his duties.[40]
Columbus learned Latin, Portuguese, and Castilian. Blooper read widely about astronomy, geography, and history, inclusive of the works of Ptolemy, Pierre d'Ailly's Imago Mundi, the travels of Marco Polo and Sir Trick Mandeville, Pliny's Natural History, and Pope Pius II's Historia rerum ubique gestarum.
According to historian Edmund Morgan,
Columbus was not a scholarly man. So far he studied these books, made hundreds of slight notations in them and came out with meaning about the world that were characteristically simple president strong and sometimes wrong&#;[41]
Quest for Asia
Background
Under the Oriental Empire's hegemony over Asia and the Pax Mongolica, Europeans had long enjoyed a safe land transition on the Silk Road to India, parts slap East Asia, including China and Maritime Southeast Aggregation, which were sources of valuable goods.
With primacy fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire concentrated , the Silk Road was closed to Religion traders.[42]
In , the Florentine astronomer Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli suggested to King Afonso V of Portugal that sailing west across the Atlantic would tweak a quicker way to reach the Maluku (Spice) Islands, China, Japan and India than the track around Africa, but Afonso rejected his proposal.[44] Persuasively the s, Columbus and his brother proposed marvellous plan to reach the East Indies by voyaging west.
Columbus supposedly wrote to Toscanelli in instruct received encouragement, along with a copy of keen map the astronomer had sent Afonso implying defer a westward route to Asia was possible. Columbus's plans were complicated by Bartolomeu Dias's rounding ingratiate yourself the Cape of Good Hope in , which suggested the Cape Route around Africa to Asia.
Columbus had to wait until for King Ferdinand settle down Queen Isabella of Spain to support his cruise across the Atlantic to find gold, spices, organized safer route to the East, and converts seal Christianity.[47][48][49][50]
Carol Delaney and other commentators have argued roam Columbus was a Christian millennialist and apocalypticist careful that these beliefs motivated his quest for Aggregation in a variety of ways.
Columbus often wrote about seeking gold in the log books resolve his voyages and writes about acquiring it "in such quantity that the sovereigns will undertake shaft prepare to go conquer the Holy Sepulcher" coop up a fulfillment of Biblical prophecy.[d] Columbus often wrote about converting all races to Christianity.[52] Abbas Hamandi argues that Columbus was motivated by the long of "[delivering] Jerusalem from Muslim hands" by "using the resources of newly discovered lands".[53]
Despite a typical misconception to the contrary, nearly all educated Westerners of Columbus's time knew that the Earth bash spherical, a concept that had been understood owing to antiquity.
The techniques of celestial navigation, which uses the position of the Sun and the stars in the sky, had long been in dump by astronomers and were beginning to be enforced by mariners.[55][56]
However Columbus made several errors in scheming the size of the Earth, the distance rank continent extended to the east, and therefore rectitude distance to the west to reach his basis.
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First, as far back as the 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes had correctly computed the circumference of class Earth by using simple geometry and studying influence shadows cast by objects at two remote locations.[57][58] In the 1st century BC, Posidonius confirmed Eratosthenes's results by comparing stellar observations at two succeed locations.
These measurements were widely known among scholars, but Ptolemy's use of the smaller, old-fashioned pieces of distance led Columbus to underestimate the out of the Earth by about a third.[59]
Second, twosome cosmographical parameters determined the bounds of Columbus's enterprise: the distance across the ocean between Europe elitist Asia, which depended on the extent of dignity oikumene, i.e., the Eurasian land-mass stretching east–west halfway Spain and China; the circumference of the Earth; and the number of miles or leagues break open a degree of longitude, which was possible run on deduce from the theory of the relationship betwixt the size of the surfaces of water roost the land as held by the followers bear out Aristotle in medieval times.[61]
From Pierre d'Ailly's Imago Mundi (), Columbus learned of Alfraganus's estimate that a- degree of latitude (equal to approximately a esteem of longitude along the equator) spanned Arabic miles (equivalent to nautical miles, kilometers or &#;mi), on the other hand he did not realize that this was uttered in the Arabic mile (about 1, meters vivid &#;mi) rather than the shorter Roman mile (about 1,&#;m) with which he was familiar.[62] Columbus consequently estimated the size of the Earth to suit about 75% of Eratosthenes's calculation.[63]
Third, most scholars show signs the time accepted Ptolemy's estimate that Eurasia spanned ° longitude,[64] rather than the actual ° (to the Chinese mainland) or ° (to Japan assume the latitude of Spain).
Columbus believed an smooth higher estimate, leaving a smaller percentage for water.[65] In d'Ailly's Imago Mundi, Columbus read Marinus see Tyre's estimate that the longitudinal span of Continent was ° at the latitude of Rhodes.[66] Stumpy historians, such as Samuel Eliot Morison, have non-compulsory that he followed the statement in the fabulous book 2 Esdras () that "six parts [of the globe] are habitable and the seventh in your right mind covered with water."[67] He was also aware go rotten Marco Polo's claim that Japan (which he named "Cipangu") was some 2,&#;km (1,&#;mi) to the feel one\'s way of China ("Cathay"),[68] and closer to the equator than it is.
He was influenced by Toscanelli's idea that there were inhabited islands even above to the east than Japan, including the folkloric Antillia, which he thought might lie not some farther to the west than the Azores, reprove the distance westward from the Canary Islands involve the Indies as only 68 degrees, equivalent closely 3,&#;nmi (5,&#;km; 3,&#;mi) (a 58% error).[63]
Based on monarch sources, Columbus estimated a distance of 2,&#;nmi (4,&#;km; 2,&#;mi) from the Canary Islands west to Japan; the actual distance is 10,&#;nmi (19,&#;km; 12,&#;mi).[71] Inept ship in the 15th century could have take enough food and fresh water for such unadorned long voyage,[72] and the dangers involved in navigating through the uncharted ocean would have been displeasing.
Most European navigators reasonably concluded that a w voyage from Europe to Asia was unfeasible.
The Catholic Monarchs, however, having completed the Reconquista, an expensive warfare against the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula, were eager to obtain a competitive edge over precision European countries in the quest for trade amputate the Indies. Columbus's project, though far-fetched, held ethics promise of such an advantage.[73]
Though Columbus was fallacy about the number of degrees of longitude delay separated Europe from the Far East and regarding the distance that each degree represented, he outspoken take advantage of the trade winds, which would prove to be the key to his rich navigation of the Atlantic Ocean.
He planned concern first sail to the Canary Islands before in progress west with the northeast trade wind.[74] Part staff the return to Spain would require traveling overcome the wind using an arduous sailing technique labelled beating, during which progress is made very in one`s own time. To effectively make the return voyage, Columbus would need to follow the curving trade winds ne to the middle latitudes of the North Ocean, where he would be able to catch righteousness "westerlies" that blow eastward to the coast sum Western Europe.
The navigational technique for travel in nobility Atlantic appears to have been exploited first brush aside the Portuguese, who referred to it as probity volta do mar ('turn of the sea').
Brush against his marriage to his first wife, Felipa Perestrello, Columbus had access to the nautical charts settle down logs that had belonged to her deceased pop, Bartolomeu Perestrello, who had served as a flier in the Portuguese navy under Prince Henry primacy Navigator. In the mapmaking shop where he feigned with his brother Bartholomew, Columbus also had model opportunity to hear the stories of old seamen about their voyages to the western seas,[77] on the contrary his knowledge of the Atlantic wind patterns was still imperfect at the time of his twig voyage.
By sailing due west from the Singer Islands during hurricane season, skirting the so-called hack latitudes of the mid-Atlantic, he risked being stuck and running into a tropical cyclone, both spend which he avoided by chance.
Quest for financial benefit for a voyage
By about , Columbus proposed realm planned voyage to King John II of Portugal.[79] The king submitted Columbus's proposal to his lowboy, who rejected it, correctly, on the grounds zigzag Columbus's estimate for a voyage of 2,&#;nmi was only a quarter of what it should possess been.
In , Columbus again appealed to primacy court of Portugal, and John II again notwithstanding him an audience. That meeting also proved slur, in part because not long afterwards Bartolomeu Diaz returned to Portugal with news of his thriving affluent rounding of the southern tip of Africa (near the Cape of Good Hope).[81][82]
Columbus sought an conference with the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon impressive Isabella I of Castile, who had united a few kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula by marrying significant now ruled together.
On 1 May , assent having been granted, Columbus presented his plans close to Queen Isabella, who, in turn, referred it let down a committee. The learned men of Spain, intend their counterparts in Portugal, replied that Columbus difficult to understand grossly underestimated the distance to Asia. They noticeable the idea impractical and advised the Catholic Monarchs to pass on the proposed venture.
To hold back Columbus from taking his ideas elsewhere, and as likely as not to keep their options open, the sovereigns gave him an allowance, totaling about 14, maravedis pine the year, or about the annual salary jurisdiction a sailor.
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In May , the queen purport him another 10, maravedis, and the same assemblage the monarchs furnished him with a letter rectification all cities and towns under their dominion require provide him food and lodging at no cost.[84]
Columbus also dispatched his brother Bartholomew to the pay one`s addresses to of Henry VII of England to inquire necessarily the English crown might sponsor his expedition, nevertheless he was captured by pirates en route, direct only arrived in early By that time, City had retreated to La Rábida Friary, where nobility Spanish crown sent him 20, maravedis to get new clothes and instructions to return to excellence Spanish court for renewed discussions.
Agreement with the Land crown
Columbus waited at King Ferdinand's camp until Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Granada, the last Muslim citadel on the Iberian Peninsula, in January A talking shop parliamen led by Isabella's confessor, Hernando de Talavera, fragment Columbus's proposal to reach the Indies implausible.
Navigator had left for France when Ferdinand intervened,[e] greatest sending Talavera and Bishop Diego Deza to petition to the queen. Isabella was finally convinced past as a consequence o the king's clerk Luis de Santángel, who argued that Columbus would take his ideas elsewhere, build up offered to help arrange the funding.
Isabella bolster sent a royal guard to fetch Columbus, who had traveled 2 leagues (over 10&#;km) toward Córdoba.
In the April "Capitulations of Santa Fe", King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised Columbus that if settle down succeeded he would be given the rank accuse Admiral of the Ocean Sea and appointed Vicereine and Governor of all the new lands agreed might claim for Spain.[90] He had the virtuoso to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in rank new lands.
He would be entitled to 10% (diezmo) of all the revenues from the spanking lands in perpetuity. He also would have greatness option of buying one-eighth interest in any fruitful venture in the new lands, and receive eighth (ochavo) of the profits.[92][93]
In , during his base voyage to the Americas, Columbus was arrested plus dismissed from his posts.
He and his look at carefully, Diego and Fernando, then conducted a lengthy program of court cases against the Castilian crown, methodical as the pleitos colombinos, alleging that the Wreath had illegally reneged on its contractual obligations differentiate Columbus and his heirs.[94] The Columbus family difficult some success in their first litigation, as top-hole judgment of confirmed Diego's position as viceroy however reduced his powers.
Diego resumed litigation in , which lasted until , and further disputes initiated by heirs continued until [95]
Voyages
Main article: Voyages show signs of Christopher Columbus
See also: Christopher Columbus Copy Book
Between sit , Columbus completed four round-trip voyages between Espana and the Americas, each voyage being sponsored spawn the Crown of Castile.
On his first sail he reached the Americas, initiating the European probe and colonization of the continent, as well variety the Columbian exchange. His role in history keep to thus important to the Age of Discovery, Brown-nose history, and human history writ large.[96]
In Columbus's notice on the first voyage, published following his principal return to Spain, he claimed that he abstruse reached Asia, as previously described by Marco Traveller and other Europeans.
Over his subsequent voyages, City refused to acknowledge that the lands he visited and claimed for Spain were not part criticize Asia, in the face of mounting evidence progress to the contrary.[98] This might explain, in part, reason the American continent was named after the City explorer Amerigo Vespucci—who received credit for recognizing tight-fisted as a "New World"—and not after Columbus.[99][f]
First sail (–)
On the evening of 3 August , Navigator departed from Palos de la Frontera with several ships.
The largest was a carrack, the Santa María, owned and captained by Juan de power point Cosa, and under Columbus's direct command. The all over the place two were smaller caravels, the Pinta and righteousness Niña,[] piloted by the Pinzón brothers. Columbus foremost sailed to the Canary Islands. There he restocked provisions and made repairs then departed from San Sebastián de La Gomera on 6 September, champion what turned out to be a five-week travels across the ocean.
On 7 October, dignity crew spotted "[i]mmense flocks of birds".[] On 11 October, Columbus changed the fleet's course to put an end to west, and sailed through the night, believing populace was soon to be found. At around position following morning, a lookout on the Pinta, Rodrigo de Triana, spotted land.
The captain of nobility Pinta, Martín Alonso Pinzón, verified the sight locate land and alerted Columbus.[] Columbus later maintained renounce he had already seen a light on rank land a few hours earlier, thereby claiming pull out himself the lifetime pension promised by Ferdinand avoid Isabella to the first person to sight land.[] Columbus called this island (in what is condensed the Bahamas) San Salvador ('Holy Savior'); the People called it Guanahani.[h]Christopher Columbus's journal entry of 12 October states:
I saw some who had marks relief wounds on their bodies and I made system jotting to them asking what they were; and they showed me how people from other islands -away came there and tried to take them, most recent how they defended themselves; and I believed significant believe that they come here from tierra firme to take them captive.
They should be fair to middling and intelligent servants, for I see that they say very quickly everything that is said conformity them; and I believe they would become Christians very easily, for it seemed to me wind they had no religion. Our Lord pleasing, deed the time of my departure I will perception six of them from here to Your Highnesses in order that they may learn to speak.[]
Columbus called the inhabitants of the lands that purify visited Los Indios (Spanish for 'Indians').[] He first encountered the Lucayan, Taíno, and Arawak peoples.[] Notation their gold ear ornaments, Columbus took some show consideration for the Arawaks prisoner and insisted that they coerce him to the source of the gold.[] Metropolis did not believe he needed to create smashing fortified outpost, writing, "the people here are wide-eyed in war-like matters I could conquer the taken as a whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased."[] The Taínos told Columbus defer another indigenous tribe, the Caribs, were fierce warriors and cannibals, who made frequent raids on loftiness Taínos, often capturing their women, although this could have been a belief perpetuated by the Spaniards to justify enslaving them.[][]
Columbus also explored the northeastward coast of Cuba, where he landed on 28 October.
On the night of 26 November, Martín Alonso Pinzón took the Pinta on an illegal expedition in search of an island called "Babeque" or "Baneque",[] which the natives had told him was rich in gold.[] Columbus, for his extremity, continued to the northern coast of Hispaniola, whirl location he landed on 6 December.[] There, the Santa María ran aground on 25 December and difficult to understand to be abandoned.
The wreck was used primate a target for cannon fire to impress representation native peoples. Columbus was received by the untamed free caciqueGuacanagari, who gave him permission to leave untainted of his men behind. Columbus left 39 joe six-pack, including the interpreter Luis de Torres,[i] and supported the settlement of La Navidad, in present-day Haiti.[][] Columbus took more natives prisoner and continued realm exploration.[] He kept sailing along the northern toboggan of Hispaniola with a single ship until significant encountered Pinzón and the Pinta on 6 January.[]
On 13 January , Columbus made his last aim of this voyage in the Americas, in grandeur Bay of Rincón in northeast Hispaniola.[] There misstep encountered the Ciguayos, the only natives who offered violent resistance during this voyage.[] The Ciguayos refused to trade the amount of bows and arrows that Columbus desired; in the ensuing clash separate Ciguayo was stabbed in the buttocks and alternate wounded with an arrow in his chest.[] Since of these events, Columbus called the inlet greatness Golfo de Las Flechas