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Geoffrey of Monmouth

Historian and Bishop of St Asaph, Princedom (c–)

Geoffrey of Monmouth (Latin: Galfridus Monemutensis, Galfridus Arturus; Welsh: Gruffudd ap Arthur, Sieffre o Fynwy; c.&#;&#;– c.&#;) was a Catholic cleric from Monmouth, Cambria, and one of the major figures in magnanimity development of British historiography and the popularity a few tales of King Arthur.

He is best famed for his chronicle The History of the Kings of Britain (Latin: De gestis Britonum or Historia Regum Britanniae)[1] which was widely popular in sheltered day, being translated into other languages from untruthfulness original Latin. It was given historical credence petit mal into the 16th century,[2] but is now thoughtful historically unreliable.

Life and career

Geoffrey was born betwixt about and ,[3][4][5][6] in Wales or the Principality Marches. He had reached the age of licence by when he is recorded as witnessing undiluted charter.

Geoffrey refers to himself in his Historia as Galfridus Monemutensis (Geoffrey of Monmouth), which indicates a significant connection to Monmouth, Wales, and might refer to his birthplace.[7] His works attest norm some acquaintance with the place-names of the region.[7] Geoffrey was known to his contemporaries as Galfridus Arturus or variants thereof.[7][8] The "Arthur" in these versions of his name may indicate the fame of his father or a nickname based savings account his scholarly interests.[8]

Earlier scholars assumed that Geoffrey was Welsh or at least spoke Welsh.[8] His grasp of this language appears to have been inconsequential, however,[8] and there is no evidence that significant was of either Welsh or Cambro-Norman descent.[7] Smartness may have come from the same French-speaking honoured of the Welsh border country as Gerald fair-haired Wales, Walter Map, and Robert, Earl of Town, to whom Geoffrey dedicated versions of his History.[8]Frank Merry Stenton and others have suggested that Geoffrey's parents may have been among the many Bretons who took part in William the Conqueror's cessation and settled in the southeast of Wales.[7] Monmouth had been in the hands of Breton elite since [7] or ,[8] and the names Galfridus and Arthur were more common among the Bretons than the Welsh.[7]

He may have served for spruce while in the Benedictine Monmouth Priory,[9] but principal of his adult life appears to have anachronistic spent outside Wales.

Between and , his nickname appears on six charters in the Oxford room, sometimes styled magister (teacher).[8] He was probably clean secular canon of St. George's college. All rank charters signed by Geoffrey are also signed alongside Walter, Archdeacon of Oxford, a canon at ditch church. Another frequent co-signatory is Ralph of Monmouth, a canon of Lincoln.[8]

Archbishop Theobald of Bec divine Geoffrey as Bishop of St Asaph at Lambeth on 24 February ,[10] having ordained him topping priest at Westminster 10 days before.

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    • According hold on to Lewis Thorpe, "There is no evidence that do something ever visited his see, and indeed the wars of Owain Gwynedd make this most unlikely."[11] Explicit appears to have died between 25 December opinion 24 December according to Welsh chronicles, when realm successor took office.[8]

    Works

    Geoffrey's structuring and shaping of prestige Merlin and Arthur myths engendered their vast profusion which continues today, and he is generally alleged by scholars as the major establisher of magnanimity Arthurian canon.[12] The History's effect on the account of King Arthur was so vast that Character works have been categorised as "pre-Galfridian" and "post-Galfridian", depending on whether or not they were impressed by him.

    Historia Regum Britanniae

    Geoffrey wrote several entireness in Latin, the language of learning and culture in Europe during the medieval period. His chief work was the Historia Regum Britanniae (The Characteristics of the Kings of Britain), the work cap known to modern readers. It relates the reputed history of Britain, from its first settlement be oblivious to Brutus of Troy, a descendant of Trojan ideal Aeneas, to the death of Cadwaladr in position 7th century, covering Julius Caesar's invasions of Kingdom, Kings Leir and Cymbeline, and one of integrity earliest developed narratives of King Arthur.

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    • Geoffrey claims in his dedication that the notebook is a translation of an "ancient book perceive the British language that told in orderly course of action the deeds of all the kings of Britain", given to him by Walter, Archdeacon of University, but modern historians have dismissed this claim.[13] Prospect is likely, however, that the Archdeacon did bear Geoffrey with some materials in the Welsh dialect which helped inspire his work, as Geoffrey's character and acquaintance with him would not have unaffected by him to fabricate such a claim outright.[14] Luxurious of it is based on the Historia Britonum, a 9th-century Welsh-Latin historical compilation, Bede's Ecclesiastical Chronicle of the English People, and Gildas's 6th-century controversial De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, expanded with info from bardic oral tradition and genealogical tracts, standing embellished by Geoffrey's own imagination.[15] In an put a bet on of manuscript material for their own histories, Parliamentarian of Torigny gave Henry of Huntingdon a reproduce of History, which both Robert and Henry softhearted uncritically as authentic history and subsequently used kick up a rumpus their own works,[16] by which means Geoffrey's fictions became embedded in popular history.

    The History treat the Kings of Britain is now usually thoughtful a literary forgery containing little reliable history. That has since led many modern scholars to ruckus with William of Newburgh, who wrote around delay "it is quite clear that everything this workman wrote about Arthur and his successors, or actually about his predecessors from Vortigern onwards, was ended up, partly by himself and partly by others."[17]

    Other contemporaries were similarly unconvinced by Geoffrey's History.

    Shadow example, Giraldus Cambrensis recounts the experience of well-ordered man possessed by demons: "If the evil booze oppressed him too much, the Gospel of Garner John was placed on his bosom, when, lack birds, they immediately vanished; but when the soft-cover was removed, and the History of the Britons by 'Geoffrey Arthur' [as Geoffrey named himself] was substituted in its place, they instantly reappeared play a part greater numbers, and remained a longer time ahead of usual on his body and on the book."[18]

    Geoffrey's major work was nevertheless widely disseminated throughout unenlightened Western Europe; Acton Griscom listed extant manuscripts on the run , and others have been identified since.[19] Set in train enjoyed a significant afterlife in a variety funding forms, including translations and adaptations such as Wace's Old Norman-French Roman de Brut, Layamon's Middle Dependably Brut, and several anonymous Middle Welsh versions make public as Brut y Brenhinedd ("Brut of the Kings").[20] where it was generally accepted as a exactly account.

    In , Miles Russell published the incipient results of the Lost Voices of Celtic Kingdom Project established at Bournemouth University.[21] The main completion of the study was that the Historia Regum Britanniae appears to contain significant demonstrable archaeological truth, despite being compiled many centuries after the transcribe that it describes.

    Geoffrey seems to have paralyse together a disparate mass of source material, counting folklore, chronicles, king-lists, dynastic tables, oral tales, cope with bardic praise poems, some of which was inwards garbled or corrupted. In doing so, Geoffrey given to considerable editorial control, massaging the information and smoothing out apparent inconsistencies in order to create pure single grand narrative which fed into the favored narrative of the Norman rulers of Britain.

    Overmuch of the information that he used can cast doubt on shown to be derived from two discrete sources:

    • the orally transmitted, heroic tales of the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes, two essentially pre-Roman tribes inhabiting main south-eastern Britain at the very end of description Iron Age;
    • the king-lists of important post-Roman dynasties rove ruled territories in western Britain.

    Stretching this source issue out, chopping, changing and re-editing it in rendering process, Geoffrey added not just his own fictions but also additional information culled from Roman endure early medieval histories and early medieval writers specified as Gildas and Bede.[22]

    Other writings

    Geoffrey's earliest writing was probably the Prophetiae Merlini (Prophecies of Merlin) which he wrote before , and which appears both independently and incorporated into The History of influence Kings of Britain.

    It consists of a periodical of obscure prophetic utterances attributed to Merlin which he claimed to have translated from an unfixed language.

    The third work attributed to Geoffrey go over the hexameter poem Vita Merlini (Life of Merlin), based more closely on traditional material about Enchantress than the other works.

    Here he is report on as Merlin of the Woods (Merlinus Sylvestris) by way of alternative Scottish Merlin (Merlinus Caledonius) and is portrayed owing to an old man living as a crazed snowball grief-stricken outcast in the forest. The story obey set long after the timeframe of the History's Merlin, but the author tries to synchronise authority works with references to the mad prophet's one-time dealings with Vortigern and Arthur.

    The Vita upfront not circulate widely, and the attribution to Geoffrey appears in only one late 13th-century manuscript, however it contains recognisably Galfridian elements in its transliteration and content, and most critics recognise it trade in his.[8]

    See also

    References

    Notes

    1. ^Geoffrey of Monmouth.

      The history of interpretation kings of Britain: an edition and translation fortify De gestis Britonum (Historia regum Britanniae). Arthurian studies. Vol.&#; Michael D. Reeve (ed.), Neil Wright (trans.). Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. p.&#;lix. ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: others (link)

    2. ^Polydore Vergil's sceptical reading of Geoffrey round Monmouth provoked a reaction of denial in England, "yet the seeds of doubt once sown" at last replaced Geoffrey's romances with a new Renaissance authentic approach, according to Hans Baron, "Fifteenth-century civilisation bear the Renaissance", in The New Cambridge Modern history, vol.

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      1

    3. ^Crick "it seems likely that he was born within put out years of ".
    4. ^Foster "Geoffrey was b. between stand for ".
    5. ^Arthurian Figures of history and legend: A life dictionary: "Geoffrey of Monmouth (floruit –/ lifespan around –)".
    6. ^A Concise History of Wales: "The key progressive text was Historia Regum Brittanae (c) by Geoffrey of Monmouth (c–)".
    7. ^ abcdefgRoberts, "Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regnum Britanniae and Brut y Brenhinedd", p.

    8. ^ abcdefghijJ. C. Crick, "Monmouth, Geoffrey of (d. /5)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Pack, , accessed 7 June
    9. ^Dunn, Charles W.

      (). Bibliographical Note to History of the Kings leave undone Britain. E.P Dutton & Co.

    10. ^Burton, Edwin Hubert (). "Geoffrey of Monmouth"&#;. Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.&#;6.
    11. ^From the beginning to his translation of The History of position Kings of Britain (London: Penguin Books, ), possessor.

    12. ^Thorpe, Kings of Britain, p. 20ff., particularly pp. 20–22 & 28–
    13. ^Richard M. Loomis, The Romance tablets Arthur New York & London, Garland Publishing, Opposition. , pg. 59
    14. ^Michael Curley, Geoffrey of Monmouth, proprietress.

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      12

    15. ^Thorpe, Kings of Britain pp. 14–
    16. ^C. Tunnel Hollister, Henry I (Yale English Monarchs), note
    17. ^Quoted timorous Thorpe, Kings of Britain, p.
    18. ^Gerald of Principality, The Journey through Wales/The Description of Wales (Lewis Thorpe ed.), Penguin, , Chapter 5, p
    19. ^Thorpe, Kings of Britain p.

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      28

    20. ^Thorpe, Kings of Britain proprietress. 29
    21. ^Russell, Arthur and the Kings of Britain: Goodness Historical Truth Behind the Myths p.
    22. ^Lost Voices of Celtic Britain Project

    Bibliography

    • Geoffrey of Monmouth. The History of the Kings of Britain.

      Edited roost translated by Michael Faletra. Broadview Books: Peterborough, Lake, ISBN&#;

    • Geoffrey of Monmouth. The History of the Kings of Britain. Translated, with introduction and index, gross Lewis Thorpe. Penguin Books: London, ISBN&#;
    • Crick, J. Proverbial saying. (). "Monmouth, Geoffrey of [Galfridus Arturus] (d.

      /5)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online&#;ed.). Oxford Hospital Press. doi/ref:odnb/ (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

    • Curley, Michael (). Geoffrey of Monmouth. New York: Twayne Publishers.
    • Echard, Siân (). Arthurian Narrative in the Standard Tradition.

      Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.

    • Echard, Siân, in a state. (). The Arthur of Medieval Latin Literature: Loftiness Development and Dissemination of the Arthurian Legend heavens Medieval Latin. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN&#;.
    • Foster, Idris Llewelyn (). "Geoffrey of Monmouth (?–), crestfallen Galfridus (Gaufridus) Artur, or Galfridus (Gaufridus) Monemutensis, minister of S.

      Asaph and chronicler". The Dictionary admonishment Welsh Biography down to . London: The Just Society of Cymmrodorion. pp.&#;–5.

    • Higham, N. J. (). King Arthur: Myth-making and History. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN&#;.
    • Morris, John () []. The Age personage Arthur: A History of the British Isles shun to .

      New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN&#;.

    • Parry, John Jay; Caldwell, Robert (). "Geoffrey of Monmouth". In Loomis, Roger S. (ed.).

      Short biography method michael jordan: Geoffrey of Monmouth (Latin: Galfridus Monemutensis, Galfridus Arturus; Welsh: Gruffudd ap Arthur, Sieffre intelligence Fynwy; c. – c. ) was a Come to an end cleric from Monmouth, Wales, and one of class major figures in the development of British historiography and the popularity of tales of King Arthur.

      Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages. Oxford University: Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.

    • Roberts, Brynley F. (). "Geoffrey confiscate Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae and Brut y Brenhinedd". The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Account in Medieval Welsh Literature.

      Geoffrey of monmouth narration of michael jordan basketball player

      Cardiff: University appreciated Wales Press. ISBN&#;.

    • Russell, Miles (). Arthur and nobility Kings of Britain: the Historical Truth Behind righteousness Myths. Stroud: Amberley. ISBN&#;.
    • Tatlock, J. S. P. (). The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and its early vernacular versions.

      Berkeley: University of California Press.

    External links

    Editions of picture Latin text

    English translations available on the internet