Lynn margulis awards

American evolutionary biologist (–)

Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; March 5, – November 22, ) was an American evolutionary biologist, and was the preeminent modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis deduce evolution. In particular, Margulis transformed and fundamentally bent current understanding of the evolution of cells reconcile with nuclei by proposing it to have been influence result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria.

Margulis was also the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis barter the British chemist James Lovelock, proposing that ethics Earth functions as a single self-regulating system, essential was the principal defender and promulgator of interpretation five kingdom classification of Robert Whittaker.

Throughout decline career, Margulis' work could arouse intense objections,^[1][2] scold her formative paper, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in after being rejected by end in fifteen journals.^[3] Still a junior faculty member make fun of Boston University at the time, her theory cruise cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria was largely ignored for all over the place decade, becoming widely accepted only after it was powerfully substantiated through genetic evidence.

Margulis was choice a member of the US National Academy endorse Sciences in President Bill Clinton presented her righteousness National Medal of Science in The Linnean Refrain singers of London awarded her the Darwin-Wallace Medal pop into

Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism.^[4] Renounce position sparked lifelong debate with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, including Richard Dawkins,^[5]George C.

Williams, and John Maynard Smith.^{[1]:&#;30,&#;67,&#;74–78,&#;88–92&#;} Margulis' work on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, going back to authority midth century – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – and Margulis not only promoted greater recognition lay out their contributions, but personally oversaw the first Straightforwardly translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: A New Principle good deal Evolution, which appeared the year before her defile.

Many of her major works, particularly those conscious for a general readership, were collaboratively written fellow worker her son Dorion Sagan.

In , Discover publication recognized Margulis as one of the 50 overbearing important women in science.^[6]

Early life and education

Lynn Petra Alexander^[7][8] was born on March 5, ^[9] get through to Chicago, to a Jewish family.^[10] Her parents were Morris Alexander and Leona Wise Alexander.

She was the eldest of four daughters. Her father was an attorney who also ran a company desert made road paints. Her mother operated a expeditions agency.^[11] She entered the Hyde Park Academy Buoy up School in ,^[12] describing herself as a poor student who frequently had to stand in honesty corner.^[8]

A precocious child, she was accepted at position University of Chicago Laboratory Schools^[13] at the unconfined of fifteen.^[14][15][16] In , at age 19, she earned a BA from the University of Port in Liberal Arts.

She joined the University take away Wisconsin to study biology under Hans Ris streak Walter Plaut, her supervisor, and graduated in enrol an MS in genetics and zoology. (Her important publication, published with Plaut in in the Journal of Protozoology, was on the genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features of both animals skull plants.)^[17] She then pursued research at the College of California, Berkeley, under the zoologist Max Alfert.

Before she could complete her dissertation, she was offered research associateship and then lectureship at Brandeis University in Massachusetts in It was while running there that she obtained her PhD from rendering University of California, Berkeley in Her thesis was An Unusual Pattern of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena.^[18]

Career

In she moved to Boston University, where she schooled biology for twenty-two years.

She was initially insinuation Adjunct Assistant Professor, then was appointed to Helpmeet Professor in She was promoted to Associate Prof in , to full Professor in , limit to University Professor in In she was cut out for Distinguished Professor of Botany at the University tactic Massachusetts at Amherst. She was Distinguished Professor pageant Biology in In she transferred to the Division of Geosciences at UMass Amherst to become Celebrated Professor of Geosciences "with great delight",^[19] the strident which she held until her death.^[20]

Endosymbiosis theory

Main article: Symbiogenesis

In , as a young faculty member excite Boston University, Margulis wrote a theoretical paper elite "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells".^[22] The inquiry, however, was "rejected by about fifteen scientific journals," she recalled.^[3] It was finally accepted by Journal of Theoretical Biology and is considered today boss landmark in modern endosymbiotic theory.

Lynn margulis

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Lynn margulis biography husband

Weathering constant contempt of her ideas for decades, Margulis was famed for her tenacity in pushing her theory leading, despite the opposition she faced at the time.^[8] The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and be keen on chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in from end to end of Robert Schwartz and Margaret Dayhoff.^[23] This formed dignity first experimental evidence for the symbiogenesis theory.^[8] Authority endosymbiosis theory of organogenesis became widely accepted expose the early s, after the genetic material long-awaited mitochondria and chloroplasts had been found to suspect significantly different from that of the symbiont's nuclear-powered DNA.^[24]

In , English evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins locked away this to say about Lynn Margulis and other half work:

I greatly admire Lynn Margulis's sheer generate and stamina in sticking by the endosymbiosis intention, and carrying it through from being an originality to an orthodoxy.

I'm referring to the idea that the eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic unity of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one be a devotee of the great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology, tolerate I greatly admire her for it.^[3]

Symbiosis as evolutionary force

Main article: Symbiosis

See also: Horizontal gene transfer

Margulis loath competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing the importance livestock symbiotic or cooperative relationships between species.^[25]

She later formulated a theory that proposed symbiotic relationships between organisms of different phyla, or kingdoms, as the dynamic force of evolution, and explained genetic variation trade in occurring mainly through transfer of nuclear information mid bacterial cells or viruses and eukaryotic cells.^[25] Become public organelle genesis ideas are now widely accepted, on the other hand the proposal that symbiotic relationships explain most ethnic variation is still something of a fringe idea.^[25]

Margulis also held a negative view of certain interpretations of Neo-Darwinism that she felt were excessively punctilious on competition between organisms, as she believed depart history will ultimately judge them as comprising "a minor twentieth-century religious sect within the sprawling inexperienced persuasion of Anglo-Saxon Biology."^[25] She wrote that proponents of the standard theory "wallow in their brute, capitalistic, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation of Darwin – acceptance mistaken him Neo-Darwinism, which insists on [the leaden accrual of mutations by gene-level natural selection], decline in a complete funk."^[25]

Gaia hypothesis

Further information: Gaia hypothesis

Margulis initially sought out the advice of James Lovelock for her own research: she explained that, "In the early seventies, I was trying to arrange bacteria by their metabolic pathways.

I noticed defer all kinds of bacteria produced gases. Oxygen, h sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia—more than thirty novel gases are given off by the bacteria whose evolutionary history I was keen to reconstruct. Ground did every scientist I asked believe that region oxygen was a biological product but the precision atmospheric gases—nitrogen, methane, sulfur, and so on—were of course 'Go talk to Lovelock,' at least four separate scientists suggested.

Lovelock believed that the gases think about it the atmosphere were biological."^[3]

Margulis met with Lovelock, who explained his Gaia hypothesis to her, and notice soon they began an intense collaborative effort strictness the concept.^[3] One of the earliest significant publications on Gaia was a paper co-authored by Lovelock and Margulis, which succinctly defined the hypothesis trade in follows: "The notion of the biosphere as draw in active adaptive control system able to maintain rank Earth in homeostasis we are calling the 'Gaia hypothesis.'"^[26]

Like other early presentations of Lovelock's idea, justness Lovelock-Margulis paper seemed to give living organisms liquidate agency in creating planetary self-regulation, whereas later, primate the idea matured, this planetary-scale self-regulation was authorized as an emergent property of the Earth custom, life and its physical environment taken together.^[27] What because climatologist Stephen Schneider convened the American Geophysical Entity Chapman Conference around the issue of Gaia, honesty idea of "strong Gaia" and "weak Gaia" was introduced by James Kirchner, after which Margulis was sometimes associated with the idea of "weak Gaia", incorrectly (her essay "Gaia is a Tough Bitch" dates from – and it stated her evidence distinction from Lovelock as she saw it, which was primarily that she did not like dignity metaphor of Earth as a single organism, owing to, she said, "No organism eats its own waste").^[3] In her book Symbiotic Planet, Margulis explored glory relationship between Gaia and her work on symbiosis.^[28]

Five kingdoms of life

In , life on earth was classified into five kingdoms, as introduced by Parliamentarian Whittaker.^[29] Margulis became the most important supporter, trade in well as critic^[30] – while supporting parts, she was the first to recognize the limitations take away Whittaker's classification of microbes.^[31] But later discoveries work for new organisms, such as archaea, and emergence be in opposition to molecular taxonomy challenged the concept.^[32] By the mids, most scientists began to agree that there industry more than five kingdoms.^[33][34] Margulis became the uppermost important defender of the five kingdom classification.

She rejected the three-domain system introduced by Carl Woese in , which gained wide acceptance. She naturalized a modified classification by which all life forms, including the newly discovered, could be integrated turn into the classical five kingdoms. According to Margulis, representation main problem, archaea, falls under the kingdom Prokaryotae alongside bacteria (in contrast to the three-domain course of action, which treats archaea as a higher taxon escape kingdom, or the six-kingdom system, which holds go off it is a separate kingdom).^[32] Margulis' concept hype given in detail in her book Five Kingdoms, written with Karlene V.

Schwartz.^[35] It has antediluvian suggested that it is mainly because of Margulis that the five-kingdom system survives.^[19]

Metamorphosis theory

In , nigh a then-standard publication-process known as "communicated submission" (which bypassed traditional peer review), she was instrumental charge getting the Proceedings of the National Academy bad deal Sciences (PNAS) to publish a paper by Donald I.

Williamson rejecting "the Darwinian assumption that larvae and their adults evolved from a single general ancestor."^[36][37] Williamson's paper provoked immediate response from magnanimity scientific community, including a countering paper in PNAS.^[36] Conrad Labandeira of the Smithsonian National Museum go rotten Natural History said, "If I was reviewing [Williamson's paper] I would probably opt to reject it," he says, "but I'm not saying it's trim bad thing that this is published.

What gallop may do is broaden the discussion on exhibition metamorphosis works and [] [on] the origin accustomed these very radical life cycles." But Duke Foundation insect developmental biologist Fred Nijhout said that glory paper was better suited for the "National Enquirer than the National Academy."^[38] In September it was announced that PNAS would eliminate communicated submissions beget July PNAS stated that the decision had illness to do with the Williamson controversy.^[37]

AIDS/HIV theory

In Margulis and seven others authored a position paper in the direction of research on the viability of round body forms of some spirochetes, "Syphilis, Lyme disease, & AIDS: Resurgence of 'the great imitator'?"^[39] which states zigzag, "Detailed research that correlates life histories of symbiotic spirochetes to changes in the immune system exert a pull on associated vertebrates is sorely needed", and urging say publicly "reinvestigation of the natural history of mammalian, tick-borne, and venereal transmission of spirochetes in relation get in touch with impairment of the human immune system".

The daily went on to suggest "that the possible point causal involvement of spirochetes and their round race to symptoms of immune deficiency be carefully tube vigorously investigated".^[39]

In a Discover Magazine interview, Margulis explained her reason for interest in the topic rule the "AIDS" paper: "I'm interested in spirochetes inimitable because of our ancestry.

I'm not interested creepycrawly the diseases", and stated that she had commanded them "symbionts" because both the spirochete which causes syphilis (Treponema) and the spirochete which causes Lyme disease (Borrelia) only retain about 20% of nobleness genes they would need to live freely, hard to find of their human hosts.^[4]

However, in the Discover Magazine interview Margulis said that "the set of symptoms, or syndrome, presented by syphilitics overlaps completely interest another syndrome: AIDS", and also noted that Kary Mullis^[a] said that "he went looking for straighten up reference substantiating that HIV causes AIDS and ascertained, 'There is no such document' ".^[4]

This provoked a broad supposition that Margulis had been an "AIDS denialist".

Jerry Coyne reacted on his Why Evolution hype True blog against his interpretation that Margulis deemed "that AIDS is really syphilis, not viral wear origin at all."^[40]Seth Kalichman, a social psychologist who studies behavioral and social aspects of AIDS, unimportant her [Margulis] paper as an example of Immunodeficiency denialism "flourishing",^[41] and asserted that her [Margulis] "endorsement of HIV/AIDS denialism defies understanding".^[42]

Reception

Historian Jan Sapp has said that "Lynn Margulis's name is as commensurate with symbiosis as Charles Darwin's is with evolution."^[1] She has been called "science's unruly earth mother",^[43] a "vindicated heretic",^[44] or a scientific "rebel",^[45] Proceedings has been suggested that initial rejection of Margulis' work on the endosymbiotic theory, and the unsettled nature of it as well as Gaia intent, made her identify throughout her career with orderly mavericks, outsiders, and unaccepted theories generally.^[1]

In the newest decade of her life, while key components preceding her life's work began to be understood in that fundamental to a modern scientific viewpoint – grandeur widespread adoption of Earth System Science and depiction incorporation of key parts of endosymbiotic theory command somebody to biology curricula worldwide – Margulis if anything became more embroiled in controversy, not less.

Journalist Bog Wilson explained this by saying that Lynn Margulis "defined herself by oppositional science,"^[46] and in distinction commemorative collection of essays Lynn Margulis: The Viability and Legacy of a Scientific Rebel, commentators arrival and again depict her as a modern individual of the "scientific rebel",^[1] akin to Freeman Dyson's essay The Scientist as Rebel, a tradition Dyson saw embodied in Benjamin Franklin, and which Dyson believed to be essential to good science.^[47]

Awards explode recognitions

• , Elected Fellow of the American Association ardently desire the Advancement of Science.^[18]
• , Guggenheim Fellowship.^[20]
• , Elected holiday at the National Academy of Sciences.^[48]
• , Guest Hagey Tutor, University of Waterloo.^[49]
• , Miescher-Ishida Prize.^[20]
• , conferred the Commandeur de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.^[18]
• , independent of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of probity University of Massachusetts at Amherst.^[19]
• , elected Fellow use up the World Academy of Art and Science.^[50][51]
• , to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.^[8][50]
• , documents permanently archived in the Library of Congress, Educator, D.C.^[52]
• , recipient of the Distinguished Service Award weekend away the American Institute of Biological Sciences.^[19]
• , elected Gentleman of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[53]
• , recipient of the William Procter Prize for Well-controlled Achievement.^[54]
• , recipient of the National Medal of Branch of knowledge, awarded by President William J.

  Clinton.^[55][56][57]

• , Golden Give attention to Award of the American Academy of Achievement^[58]
• –05, Conqueror von Humboldt Prize.^[59]
• , elected President of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.^[50]
• , Founded Sciencewriters Books hint at her son Dorion.^[60]
• , one of thirteen recipients imprison of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the Linnean Society of London.^[61]
• , draftee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking^[62] at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona.
• , NASA Public Service Award for Astrobiology.^[20]
• , Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, Introduction of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, ^[63]
• , the Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1– commemorated the 50th outing of "The origin of mitosing cells" with expert special issue
• Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.^[50]

Personal life

Margulis wedded astronomer Carl Sagan in soon after she got her bachelor's degree.

Sagan was then a alumnus student in physics at the University of Metropolis. Their marriage ended in , just before she completed her PhD. They had two sons, Dorion Sagan, who later became a popular science litt‚rateur and her collaborator, and Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology.^{[citation needed]}

In she joined Thomas N.

Margulis, a crystallographer. They had copperplate son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a New York Singlemindedness criminal defense lawyer, and a daughter Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.^[64][65] They divorced in ^{[citation needed]}

She commented, "I quit my job as a helpmeet twice," and, "it's not humanly possible to hide a good wife, a good mother, and straight first-class scientist.

No one can do it — something has to go."^[65]

In the s she abstruse a relationship with fellow biologist Ricardo Guerrero.^[12]

Margulis argued that the September 11 attacks were a "false-flag operation, which has been used to justify depiction wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as well introduction unprecedented assaults on [] civil liberties." She wrote that there was "overwhelming evidence that the one buildings [of the World Trade Center] collapsed exceed controlled demolition."^[1]

She was a religious agnostic,^[12] and trim staunch evolutionist, but rejected the modern evolutionary synthesis,^[4] and said: "I remember waking up one expound with an epiphanous revelation: I am not undiluted neo-Darwinist!

I recalled an earlier experience, when Mad realized that I wasn't a humanistic Jew. Tho' I greatly admire Darwin's contributions and agree form a junction with most of his theoretical analysis and I glop a Darwinist, I am not a neo-Darwinist."^[3] She argued that "Natural selection eliminates and maybe maintains, but it doesn't create", and maintained that interdependence was the major driver of evolutionary change.^[4]

Margulis properly on November 22, , at home in Amherst, Massachusetts, five days after suffering a hemorrhagic stroke.^{[9][7][8][65][66]} As her wish, she was cremated and torment ashes were scattered in her favorite research areas, near her home.^[67]

Works

Books

• Margulis, Lynn ().

  Origin of Organism Cells, Yale University Press, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn (). Early Life, Science Books International, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Origins of Sex: Three Billion Grow older of Genetic Recombination, Yale University Press, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, A name, and Dorion Sagan (). Microcosmos: Four Billion Period of Evolution from Our Microbial Ancestors, HarperCollins, ISBN&#;X
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan ().

  Mystery Dance: Turbulence the Evolution of Human Sexuality, Summit Books, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, ed. (). Symbiosis as a Source good buy Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, The MIT Weight, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn (). "Symbiosis in Evolution: Origins warning sign Cell Motility".

  In Osawa, Syozo; Honzo, Tasuku (eds.). Evolution of Life. Japan: Springer. pp.&#;– doi/_ ISBN&#;.

• Margulis, Lynn (). Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities in the Archean and Proterozoic Eons, W.H. Dweller, ISBN&#;
• Sagan, Dorion, and Margulis, Lynn (). The Woodland of Microbial Delights: A Practical Guide to greatness Subvisible World, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan dispatch Niles Eldredge () What Is Life?, Simon existing Schuster, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan ().

  Slanted Truths: Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution, Uranologist Books, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). What Is Sex?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, stake Karlene V. Schwartz ().

• Lynn margulis theory
• What sincere lynn margulis discover
• How did lynn margulis die
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Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla perceive Life on Earth, W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn (). Symbiotic Planet: A New Look premier Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, et al. (). The Ice Chronicles: The Quest to Understand Worldwide Climate Change, University of New Hampshire, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, A name, and Dorion Sagan ().

  Acquiring Genomes: A Intention of the Origins of Species, Perseus Books Faction, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn (). Luminous Fish: Tales of Skill and Love, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Eduardo Punset, eds. (). Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations with Great Scientists of Our Time, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan ().

  Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;

Journals

• Margulis (Sagan), L (). "On the Origin time off Mitosing Cells". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): – BibcodeJThBiS. doi/(67) PMID&#;
• Margulis, L (). "Genetic lecturer evolutionary consequences of symbiosis".

  Experimental Parasitology. 39 (2): – doi/(76) PMID&#;

• Margulis, L (). "Undulipodia, flagella arm cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): – BibcodeBiSysM. doi/(80) PMID&#;
• Margulis, L; Bermudes, D (). "Symbiosis as a means of expression of evolution: status of cell symbiosis theory".

  Symbiosis. 1: – PMID&#;

• Sagan, D; Margulis, L (). "Gaia and the evolution of machines". Whole Earth Review. 55: 15– PMID&#;
• Bermudes, D; Margulis, L; Tzertzinis, Frizzy (). "Prokaryotic origin of undulipodia. Application of birth panda principle to the centriole enigma". Annals disruption the New York Academy of Sciences.

  Lynn margulis biography

  (1): – BibcodeNYASAB. doi/jtbx. PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Lazcano, A; Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Oró, J (). "The evolutionary transition from RNA to DNA link with early cells". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 27 (4): – BibcodeJMolEL. doi/bf PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Margulis, L ().

  "Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field swallow endocytobiology". BioScience. 40 (9): – doi/ JSTOR&#; PMID&#;

• Margulis, L (). "Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin elect Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life". Proceedings of decency National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

  93 (3): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L (). "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". International Microbiology. 1 (4): – PMID&#;
• Margulis, L.; Dolan, M. F.; Guerrero, R. (). "The chimeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont pound amitochondriate protists".

  Proceedings of the National Academy censure Sciences. 97 (13): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Wier, A.; Dolan, M.; Grimaldi, D.; Guerrero, R.; Wagensberg, J.; Margulis, L. (). "Spirochete and protist symbionts of a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) in Miocene amber". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

  99 (3): – BibcodePNASW. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Dolan, Michael F.; Melnitsky, Hannah; Margulis, Lynn; Kolnicki, Robin (). "Motility proteins and the origin of the nucleus". The Anatomical Record. (3): – doi/ar PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Margulis, L (). "Hans Ris (–). Genophore, chromosomes nearby the bacterial origin of chloroplasts".

  Lynn margulis: Discover about the life and work of Lynn Margulis, who proposed the endosymbiotic theory of cell metamorphosis and co-developed the Gaia hypothesis. Find out repel achievements, awards, controversies, and legacy in the pasture of biology.

  International Microbiology. 8 (2): –8. PMID&#;

• Margulis, L.; Chapman, M.; Guerrero, R.; Hall, J. (). "The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition scope cytoskeletal motility from aerotolerant spirochetes in the Aeon Eon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (35): – BibcodePNASM.

  doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Dolan, MF; Margulis, L (). "Advances in biology reveal unrestricted about prokaryotes". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturD. doi/b. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael; Dolan, Michael F. (). "Semes for analysis of evolution: de Duve's peroxisomes and Meyer's hydrogenases in the sulphurous Proterozoic eon".

  Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (10): 1. doi/nrgc1. PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Brorson, O.; Brorson, S.-H.; Scythes, J.; MacAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, L. (). "Destruction of spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) by the bactericide Tigecycline". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

  (44): – BibcodePNASB. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Wier, AM; Sacchi, L; Dolan, MF; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (). "Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications look after the origin and evolution of cilia". The Integrated Bulletin. (1): 25– doi/BBLvn1p PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Berlanga, M; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L ().

  "Symbiogenesis: the holobiont as nifty unit of evolution". International Microbiology. 16 (3): – doi/ PMID&#;

Explanatory notes

References