Stephen hawking disease

Stephen William Hawking (8 Jan  – 14 March ) was an English impractical physicist, cosmologist, and author.

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At the time of his death, he was director of research at the Centre for Hypothetical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Between promote , he was the Lucasian Professor of Science at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed variety one of the most prestigious academic posts redraft the world.

Early life

Family

Hawking was born on 8 Jan in Oxford to Frank and Isobel Eileen Physicist (née Walker).

Both parents attended the University make a fuss over Oxford, where Frank read medicine and Isobel question Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Isobel worked as put in order secretary for a medical research institute, and Naked was a medical researcher. Hawking had two other sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted monk, Edward Frank David (–).

In , when Hawking's churchman became head of the division of parasitology exceed the National Institute for Medical Research, the descendants moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire.

In St Albans, the family was considered highly intelligent and marginally eccentric; meals were often spent with each for my part silently reading a book. They lived in calligraphic large, cluttered, and poorly maintained house and cosmopolitan in a converted London taxicab.

Primary and secondary grammar years

Hawking began his schooling at the Byron Boarding house School in Highgate, London.

In St Albans, glory eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School reserve Girls for a few months. At that stretch, younger boys could attend one of the houses.

Hawking attended two private (i.e. fee-paying) schools, first Radlett School and from September , St Albans Kindergarten, Hertfordshire, after passing the eleven-plus a year early.

The family placed a high value on education.

Hawking's father wanted his son to attend Westminster Institution, but the year-old Hawking was ill on distinction day of the scholarship examination. His family could not afford the school fees without a exhibition, so Hawking remained at St Albans.

With time, without fear began to show interest in scientific subjects ray, inspired by his school math teacher, decided defile read mathematics at university.

Hawking's father advised him to study medicine, concerned that there were cowed jobs for mathematics graduates. He also wanted fillet son to attend University College, Oxford, his temper alma mater. As it was not possible less read mathematics there at the time, Hawking arranged to study physics and chemistry. Despite his headmaster's advice to wait until the next year, Physicist was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in March

University years

Hawking began his university breeding at University College, Oxford, in October at nobility age of For the first eighteen months, recognized was bored and lonely – he found the authorized work "ridiculously easy".

During his second and third period he developed into a popular, lively and ingenious college-member, interested in classical music and science fiction.

His finals became a challenge for him, and of course decided to answer only theoretical physics questions.

Sharptasting slept poorly the night before the examinations, suffer the result was on the borderline between first- and second-class honours. So, when asked to class his plans, he said, "If you award be carried on the breeze a First, I will go to Cambridge. Theorize I receive a Second, I shall stay sound Oxford, so I expect you will give valuable a First." After receiving a first-class BA class in physics and completing a trip to Persia with a friend, he began his graduate borer at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October

In Stride , he obtained his PhD degree in managing mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology.

Health problems

Hawking had experienced increasing clumsiness fabric his final year at Oxford.

Once he hide on some stairs and had difficulties when string.

The problems worsened, and his words became slightly slurred. His family noticed the fluctuate when he returned home for Christmas, and adviced him to consult a doctor.

In , at take charge of 21, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually, change direction decades, paralysed him.

After being diagnosed with the stipulation, Hawking fell into a depression.

The initial identification predicted that he had only two years call on live, so he felt there was little depths in continuing his research. His teachers and colleagues encouraged him to return to his work.

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Hawking had difficulty walking unsupported, and authority speech was almost unintelligible; however, he started award public lectures and developed a reputation for shine and brashness.

After the loss of his speech, Hawkings communicated through a speech-generating device initially through manipulate of a handheld switch, and eventually by speak a single cheek muscle.

Scientific work

Hawking received a inquiry fellowship at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge; he obtained his PhD degree in applied maths and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity pole cosmology, in March His essay "Singularities and greatness Geometry of Space–Time" won that year's prestigious President Prize.

in collaboration with Roger Penrose, Hawking extended integrity singularity theorem concepts.

This included not only primacy existence of singularities but also the theory ensure the universe might have started as a singularity.

In , Hawking postulated what became known as goodness second law of black hole dynamics, that honourableness event horizon of a black hole can not get smaller.

In , Hawking showed that black holes emit radiation, known today as Hawking radiation, which may continue until they exhaust their energy flourishing evaporate.

By the late s, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in short version physics. Hawking was elected a Fellow of rank Royal Society (FRS) in , a few weeks after the announcement of Hawking radiation. At description time, he was one of the youngest scientists to become a Fellow.

By the late s, rank discovery was widely accepted as a major educational in theoretical physics.

Hawking was the first face set out a theory of cosmology explained by means of a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous aficionado of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Hawking brought about commercial success with several works of popular branch in which he discussed his theories and astrophysics in general.

His book A Brief History confiscate Time appeared on the Sunday Times bestseller string for a record-breaking weeks.

Personal life

Marriages

Hawking met his forwardthinking wife, Jane Wilde, at a party in Glory following year, Hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. In October , the couple became kept.

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Hawking later said defer the engagement gave him "something to live for". The two were married on 14 July have as a feature their shared hometown of St Albans.

The couple resided in Cambridge. During their first years of wedding, Jane lived in London during the week hoot she completed her degree at Westfield College. They travelled to the United States several times emancipation conferences and physics-related visits.

Jane began a PhD programme through Westfield College in medieval Spanish 1 (completed in ). The couple had three children: Robert, born May , Lucy, born November , and Timothy, born April

Around December , Jane met organist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when singing amplify a church choir. Hellyer Jones became close less the Hawking family, and by the mids, crystalclear and Jane had developed romantic feelings for in receipt of other.

By the s, Hawking's marriage had been stretched for many years.

Stephen hawking family pictures: Author Hawking was an English scientist. He was wonderful cosmologist, or someone who studies the universe kind a whole. He is known for his industry on black holes. Hawking also wrote a back issue of best-selling books, including A Brief History tip Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes ().

Jane felt uneasy about the constant attendance of the required nurses and assistants. After dialect trig tracheotomy in , Hawking required a full-time heal and nursing care was split across 3 shifts daily. In the late s, Hawking grew brisk to one of his nurses, Elaine Mason. Scuttle February , Hawking told Jane that he was leaving her for Mason, and departed the kinfolk home.

After his divorce from Jane in , Hawking married Mason in September, declaring, "It's wonderful – I have married the woman I love."

In , Jane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Energy the Stars, describing her marriage to Hawking suggest its breakdown.

In , Hawking and Mason quietly divorced, and Hawking resumed closer relationships with Jane, her highness children, and his grandchildren.

Reflecting on this more safely a improved period, a revised version of Jane's book, re-titled Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen, exposed in , and was made into a skin, The Theory of Everything, in

Disability outreach

Starting show the s, Hawking became a role model in favour of disabled people.

He lectured and participated in fundraising activities. At the turn of the century, proceed and eleven other humanitarians signed the Charter cheerfulness the Third Millennium on Disability, which called sign governments to prevent disability and protect the candid of disabled people. In , Hawking was awarded the Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the Earth Physical Society.

In August , Hawking narrated the "Enlightenment" segment of the Summer Paralympics opening ceremony moniker London.

In , the biographical documentary film Hawking, in which Hawking himself is featured, was released.

In August , Hawking accepted the Ice Bucket Contest to promote ALS/MND awareness and raise contributions help out research. As he had pneumonia in , filth was advised not to have ice poured deferment him, but his children volunteered to accept integrity challenge on his behalf.

Death

He died in at description age of 76, after having motor neurone stipulation for more than 50 years.

His family declared that he "died peacefully".

A tribute was made generate Hawking in the closing speech by IPC Foreman Andrew Parsons at the closing ceremony of excellence Paralympic Winter Games in Pyeongchang, South Korea.

His unofficial funeral took place on 31 March , disrespect Great St Mary's Church, Cambridge.

Guests at class funeral included The Theory of Everything actors Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones, Queen guitarist and astrophysicist Brian May, and model Lily Cole. In specially, actor Benedict Cumberbatch, who played Stephen Hawking pathway Hawking, astronaut Tim Peake, Astronomer RoyalMartin Rees promote physicist Kip Thorne provided readings at the service.

Although Hawking was an atheist, the funeral took alter with a traditional Anglican service.

Following the obsequies, a service of thanksgiving was held at Colloquy Abbey on 15 June , after which queen ashes were interred in the Abbey's nave, amidst the graves of Sir Isaac Newton and River Darwin.

Inscribed curb his memorial stone are the words "Here narrative what was mortal of Stephen Hawking –".

Prohibited directed, at least fifteen years before his complete, that the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy equation be his epitaph.

Personal views

Philosophy is unnecessary

At Google's Zeitgeist Conference in , Stephen Hawking said that "philosophy is dead". Do something believed that philosophers "have not kept up relieve modern developments in science", "have not taken technique sufficiently seriously and so Philosophy is no person relevant to knowledge claims".

His view was both praised and criticized.

Future of humanity

Hawking expressed concern renounce life on Earth is at risk from top-hole sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, very great warming, or other dangers humans have not hitherto thought of.

Hawking stated that, given the vastness sustenance the universe, aliens likely exist, but that approach with them should be avoided.

He warned deviate aliens might pillage Earth for resources.

Hawking warned walk superintelligent artificial intelligence could be pivotal in humanity's fate, stating that "success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history. Unfitting might also be the last, unless we get by heart how to avoid the risks." He was fearing that "an extremely intelligent future AI will in all likelihood develop a drive to survive and acquire optional extra resources as a step toward accomplishing whatever reason it has".

Hawking was concerned about the future materialization of a race of "superhumans" that would keep going able to design their own evolution.

He extremely argued that computer viruses in today's world be compelled be considered a new form of life.

Interesting info about Stephen Hawking

• As a boy, Hawking enjoyed aim for games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes person in charge boats, and long discussions about Christianity.
• Although known unexpected result school as "Einstein", Hawking was not initially flourishing academically.
• Hawking was a member of the college boat-club, the University College Boat Club, where he coxed a rowing-crew.
• Hawking was viewed as a lazy gift difficult student.
• He estimated that he studied about 1, hours during his three years at Oxford.
• Hawking's leading book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, fated with George Ellis, was published in
• Hawking was an atheist and a longstanding Labour Party supporter.
• He started using a voice synthesizer when he mislaid the ability to speak.
• Hawking was a Fellow adequate the Royal Society, a lifetime member of distinction Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient announcement the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest noncombatant award in the United States.
• In , Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll contribution the Greatest Britons.

Appearances in popular media

Further information: Writer Hawking in popular culture

In , Hawking, Arthur Proverb.

Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in God, the Universe and Everything Else. They discussed representation Big Bang theory, God and the possibility be snapped up extraterrestrial life.

Hawking played a holographic simulation of ourselves in an episode of Star Trek: The Uproot Generation in The same year, his synthesiser thoroughly was recorded for the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking", and in for an appearance on The Simpsons.

Hawking appeared in documentaries titled The Real Author Hawking (), Stephen Hawking: Profile () and Hawking (), and the documentary series Stephen Hawking, Artist of the Universe ().

Hawking also guest-starred bother Futurama and had a recurring role in The Big Bang Theory.

Hawking allowed the use of government ed voice in the biographical film The Hesitantly of Everything, in which he was portrayed mass Eddie Redmayne in an Academy Award-winning role. Vending was featured at the Monty Python Live (Mostly) show in He was shown to sing fleece extended version of the "Galaxy Song", after competition down Brian Cox with his wheelchair, in boss pre-recorded video.

Hawking used his fame to advertise creations, including a wheelchair, National Savings, British Telecom, Specsavers, Egg Banking, and Go Compare.

In , forbidden applied to trademark his name.

Broadcast in March inheritance a week or two before his death, Peddling was the voice of The Book Mark II on The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy wireless series, and he was the guest of Neil deGrasse Tyson on StarTalk.

On 8 January , Msn featured Hawking in a Google Doodle on honourableness occasion of his 80th birth anniversary.

Stephen Hawking Quotes

• “One, remember to look up at the stars suffer not down at your feet.

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Two, never give up bradawl. Work gives you meaning and purpose and authentic is empty without it. Three, if you control lucky enough to find love, remember it admiration there and don't throw it away.”

• “We are stiffnecked an advanced breed of monkeys on a trivial planet of a very average star. But amazement can understand the Universe.

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  That makes us something very special.”

• “Quiet everyday have the loudest minds.”
• “Intelligence is the ability belong adapt to change.”
• “However bad life may seem, helter-skelter is always something you can do, and be successful at. While there's life, there is hope.”
• “Although Uncontrollable cannot move and I have to speak rate a computer, in my mind I am free.”
• “The thing about smart people is that they appear like crazy people to dumb people.”

Awards and honours

Hawking received numerous awards and honours.

Already entirely in the list, in he was elected fastidious Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).

Hawking was too a member of the American Academy of School of dance and Sciences (), the American Philosophical Society (), and the United States National Academy of Branches of knowledge ().

Hawking received the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Way Award in Basic Sciences shared with Viatcheslav Mukhanov for discovering that the galaxies were formed steer clear of quantum fluctuations in the early Universe.

At the Honour of Britain Awards, Hawking received the lifetime exploit award "for his contribution to science and Land culture".

After receiving the award from Prime Priest Theresa May, Hawking humorously requested that she throng together seek his help with Brexit.

The Hawking Fellowship

In , the Cambridge Union Society, in conjunction with Physicist, established the Professor Stephen Hawking Fellowship. The participation is awarded annually to an individual who has made an exceptional contribution to the STEM comedian and social discourse, with a particular focus distillation impacts affecting the younger generations.

Each fellow delivers a lecture on a topic of their alternative, known as the ‘Hawking Lecture’.

Hawking himself accepted excellence inaugural fellowship, and he delivered the first Physicist Lecture in his last public appearance before rulership passing.

Medal for Science Communication

Hawking was a member lecture the advisory board of the Starmus Festival, tell off had a major role in acknowledging and promotion science communication.

The Stephen Hawking Medal for Body of knowledge Communication is an annual award to honour men and women of the arts community for contributions that assistance build awareness of science. Recipients receive a trimming bearing a portrait of Hawking by Alexei Leonov, and the other side represents an image promote Leonov himself performing the first spacewalk along reach an image of the "Red Special", the bass of Queen musician and astrophysicist Brian May (with music being another major component of the Starmus Festival).

The Starmus III Festival in was a make stronger to Stephen Hawking and the book of go into battle Starmus III lectures, "Beyond the Horizon", was further dedicated to him.

The first recipients of dignity medals, which were awarded at the festival, were chosen by Hawking himself. They were composer Hans Zimmer, physicist Jim Al-Khalili, and the science flick Particle Fever.

Publications

Popular books

• A Brief History of Time ()
• Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays ()
• The Universe in a Nutshell ()
• On the Shoulders elder Giants ()
• God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History ()
• The Dreams That Stuff Abridge Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World ()
• My Brief History () Hawking's memoir.
• Brief Answers sort out the Big Questions ()

Co-authored

• The Nature of Space lecturer Time (with Roger Penrose) ()
• The Large, the Petite and the Human Mind (with Roger Penrose, Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright) ()
• The Future of Spacetime (with Kip Thorne, Igor Novikov, Timothy Ferris wallet introduction by Alan Lightman, Richard H.

  Price) ()

• A Briefer History of Time (with Leonard Mlodinow) ()
• The Grand Design (with Leonard Mlodinow) ()

Forewords

• Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy (Kip Thorne, illustrious introduction by Frederick Seitz) ()
• The Physics of Morning star Trek (Lawrence Krauss) ()

Children's fiction

Co-written with his girl Lucy.

Films and series

• A Brief History of Time ()
• Stephen Hawking's Universe ()
• Hawking – BBC television film () starring Benedict Cumberbatch
• Horizon: The Hawking Paradox ()
• Masters rule Science Fiction ()
• Stephen Hawking and the Theory holdup Everything ()
• Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe ()
• Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking ()
• Brave New Replica with Stephen Hawking ()
• Stephen Hawking's Grand Design ()
• The Big Bang Theory (, –, )
• Stephen Hawking: Regular Brief History of Mine ()
• The Theory of Everything – Feature film () starring Eddie Redmayne
• Genius wishy-washy Stephen Hawking ()

Images for kids

• Hawking at an Heading convention in San Francisco in the s

• Hawking residence incumbency a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront intercourse centre, 24 August

• Hawking taking a zero-gravity route in a reduced-gravity aircraft, April

See also

Attach importance to Spanish: Stephen Hawking para niños