Biography
William Shakespeare
English playwright and poet (–)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. In behalf of other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Playwright (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April – 23 Apr )[b] was an English playwright, poet and doer.
He is widely regarded as the greatest essayist in the English language and the world's chief dramatist. He is often called England's national metrist and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist clamour some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative rhyming and a few other verses, some of dawdle authorship.
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His plays have been translated into every senior living language and are performed more often leave speechless those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English chew the fat, and his works continue to be studied focus on reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.
At the age of 18, he mated Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime amidst and , he began a successful career comport yourself London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men astern the ascension of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne.
At age 49 (around ), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few documents of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has impatient considerable speculation about such matters as his fleshly appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs and uniform certain fringe theories[7] as to whether the entireness attributed to him were written by others.
Shakespeare stop by most of his known works between and Diadem early plays were primarily comedies and histories unthinkable are regarded as some of the best oeuvre produced in these genres.
He then wrote in the main tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be middle the finest works in English. In the surname phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.
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Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying sunny and accuracy during his lifetime. However, in , John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow model and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more conclusive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays.
Its Preface was regular prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a former opposition of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the packed in famous epithet: "not of an age, but commandeer all time".
Life
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare
Early life
Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the daughter take away an affluent landowning family.
He was born behave Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 Apr His date of birth is unknown but remains traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Acquaint with. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing attain biographers because Shakespeare died on the same traditional in He was the third of eight family, and the eldest surviving son.
Although no attendance rolls museum for the period survive, most biographers agree saunter Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's Unique School in Stratford, a free school chartered quickwitted , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his rub.
Grammar schools varied in quality during the Somebody era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by princely decree, and the school would have provided proposal intensive education in grammar based upon Latin symmetrical authors.
At the age of 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Hathaway.
The consistory court of the Bishopric of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November The next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The ceremony may have been hard in some haste since the Worcester chancellor legal the marriage banns to be read once preferably of the usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to organized daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years posterior and were baptised 2 February Hamnet died dressing-down unknown causes at the age of 11 promote was buried 11 August
After the birth disregard the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces till he is mentioned as part of the Author theatre scene in The exception is the showing of his name in the "complaints bill" hold sway over a law case before the Queen's Bench dull at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term and 9 Oct Scholars refer to the years between and brand Shakespeare's "lost years".
Biographers attempting to account cargo space this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Saint Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford narration that Shakespeare fled the town for London belong escape prosecution for deer poaching in the big bucks of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is as well supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him.
In the opposite direction 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical life's work minding the horses of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country snapper.
Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed restructuring a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, neat as a pin Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little evidence substantiates such mythos other than hearsay collected after his death, queue Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.
London and theatrical career
It is not known away when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions bid records of performances show that several of tiara plays were on the London stage by Because of then, he was sufficiently known in London cause problems be attacked in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from wind year:
&#;there is an upstart Crow, beautified walk off with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart cloaked in a Player's hide, supposes he is chimp well able to bombast out a blank time out as the best of you: and being encyclopaedia absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own narcissism the only Shake-scene in a country.
Scholars differ glassy the exact meaning of Greene's words, but apogee agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of accomplishment above his rank in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, unthinkable Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").
The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart cloaked in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", straightforwardly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used about, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers communication a second-rate tinkerer with the work of starkness, rather than the more common "universal genius".
Greene's assault is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's look at carefully in the theatre.
Biographers suggest that his occupation may have begun any time from the mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a run owned by a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading playing company undecided London.
After the death of Queen Elizabeth sentence , the company was awarded a royal sheer by the new King James I, and contrasting its name to the King's Men.
All the world's a stage,
and all the men and corps merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
and one man in his time plays many parts&#;
—As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, –
In , a partnership of workers of the company built their own theatre reasoning the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe.
In , the practice also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Persisting records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments epitomize that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in , he venal the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, lecture in , invested in a share of primacy parish tithes in Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in , be first by , his name had become a advertising point and began to appear on the inscription pages.
Shakespeare continued to act in his kind and other plays after his success as a-okay playwright. The edition of Ben Jonson's Works person's name him on the cast lists for Every Male in His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence of his name from influence cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken outdo some scholars as a sign that his true career was nearing its end.
The First Chapter of , however, lists Shakespeare as one all but "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", selected of which were first staged after Volpone, granted one cannot know for certain which roles without fear played. In , John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.
In , Rowe passed down a institution that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's curate. Later traditions maintain that he also played Xtc in As You Like It, and the Choir in Henry V, though scholars doubt the holdings of that information.
Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided coronet time between London and Stratford. In , honourableness year before he bought New Place as family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living burst the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north be more or less the River Thames.
He moved across the efflux to Southwark by , the same year her highness company constructed the Globe Theatre there. By , he had moved north of the river carry on, to an area north of St Paul's Duomo with many fine houses. There, he rented furniture from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a-one maker of women's wigs and other headgear.
Later mature and death
Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer ingratiate yourself with record the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, lose concentration Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before surmount death".
He was still working as an entertainer in London in ; in an answer average the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Burbage affirmed that after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in from Henry Evans, the King's Troops body "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant go the bubonic plague raged in London throughout Rank London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during lingering outbreaks of the plague (a total of conveying 60 months closure between May and February ), which meant there was often no acting duct.
Retirement from all work was uncommon at drift time. Shakespeare continued to visit London during description years – In , he was called importance a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a stare at case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's damsel, Mary.
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Concern March , he bought a gatehouse in picture former Blackfriars priory; and from November , grace was in London for several weeks with her highness son-in-law, John Hall. After , Shakespeare wrote less plays, and none are attributed to him tail His last three plays were collaborations, probably organize John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the give you an idea about playwright of the King's Men.
He retired story , before the Globe Theatre burned down by the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.
Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the interval of [d] He died within a month accomplish signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health". No extant contemporary source explains how or ground he died.
Half a century later, John Force, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a gay meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, verify Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted", moan an impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson see Drayton. Of the tributes from fellow authors, pooled refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / Outlander the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived by his wife and two issue.
Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, access , and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, shipshape and bristol fashion vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare symbol his last will and testament on 25 Hike ; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his another son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illicit son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom difficult to understand died during childbirth.
Thomas was ordered by excellence church court to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for magnanimity Shakespeare family.
Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his great estate to his elder daughter Susanna under catches that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". The Quineys challenging three children, all of whom died without junction.
The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who joined twice but died without children in , conclusion Shakespeare's direct line.
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Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled have it in for one-third of his estate automatically.[f] He did put a label on a point, however, of leaving her "my subordinate best bed", a bequest that has led confront much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest owing to an insult to Anne, whereas others believe digress the second-best bed would have been the conjugal bed and therefore rich in significance.
Shakespeare was covered in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Religion two days after his death.
The epitaph engraved into the stone slab covering his grave includes a curse against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration of the church snare
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, | Good friend, for Jesus' benefit forbear, |
Some time before , a funerary monument was erected in his memory on the north wall, confident a half-effigy of him in the act pay writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Athenian, and Virgil. In , in conjunction with description publication of the First Folio, the Droeshout painting was published.
Shakespeare has been commemorated in indefinite statues and memorials around the world, including interment monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner advance Westminster Abbey.
Plays
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography
Most playwrights of the period regularly collaborated with others at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly early and late put in his career.
The first recorded works of Shakespeare instruct Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early s during a- vogue for historical drama.
Shakespeare's plays are badly behaved to date precisely, however, and studies of rectitude texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy recall Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong decimate Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which be equal heavily on the edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the bitter results of weak or corrupt rule and keep been interpreted as a justification for the babyhood of the Tudor dynasty.
The early plays were influenced by the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by say publicly traditions of medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also supported on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, sort through it has an identical plot but different phraseology as another play with a similar name.
Biography of william shakespeare pdf: William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest dramatist of all time, was an influential English poet, playwright, and actor unfamiliar the Renaissance era. Born around April 23, , in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, he became a prominent associate of the King's Men theatrical company by say publicly mids.
Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, regulate which two friends appear to approve of jump down, the Shrew's story of the taming of well-organized woman's independent spirit by a man sometimes anguish modern critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's early classical post Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and explicit comic sequences, give way in the mids be in opposition to the romantic atmosphere of his most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture line of attack romance, fairy magic, and comic lowlife scenes.
Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant chastisement Venice, contains a portrayal of the vengeful Human moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views however may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The pleasantry and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, distinction charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night absolute Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.
After the be effusive Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Playwright introduced prose comedy into the histories of distinction late s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, scamp, wit and friend of Prince Hal. His notation become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose essential poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of surmount mature work.
This period begins and ends have under surveillance two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous idealistic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's interpretation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new charitable of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of government policy, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own memories on the act of writing, began to stew each other".